If a date of publication cannot be identified, use one of the following substitutes (after examining the information on the page and trying to make an intelligent determination or intelligent guess as to when it was most likely published/uploaded/updated):Ĭ. © 2017 – 2019), use the latest date indicated. If a range of Copyright dates is given (e.g. For information freely available on the web, if there is only a Copyright date (usually found at the very bottom of the page you are viewing), you are permitted to use that as the date. Most information sources should display either the year the information was published or, with information freely available on the web, the year that the information was most recently updated. The Harvard Style is based on a combination of author(s) surname(s)/last name(s)/family name(s) and date of publication (year). You can cite two or more different information sources in the same single in-text references (especially when those sources all make the same point), e.g. Different research reported the same effects occurring, regardless whether it was in lakes (Nguyen, D 2009, p. 17).įor two or more authors with the same surname publishing different works in the same year, include all author initials after a comma after their surname, e.g. If you cite two or more works in a sentence that are by the same author but they were published in different years, list the author's name once and then arrange the years of publication for the in-text citation from oldest to newest e.g. 137-138) identify two agencies struggling… If you are writing their names directly into your text, both the first listed author’s surname and ‘et al.’ are not enclosed in brackets, e.g. Baldino et al. …state control thus working against its citizens (Baldino et al. 75).įor more than three authors, place the first listed author’s surname, then insert ‘et al.’, then the year of publication and page number(s) if paraphrasing or quoting, e.g. …conservation of green spaces increased tourism income threefold (NSW Environmental Trust, Local Community Services Association & NSW Department of Environment and Conservation 2006, p. Note that this works exactly the same if two or more of the authors are organisations, e.g. McCurley, Lynch and Jackson state that only keen volunteers are productive volunteers (2012, p. If you are writing their names directly into your text, replace the ampersand with the word 'and', e.g. 2).įor two or three authors, place an ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names. (Hatching and raising brine shrimp 2010, p. Where there is no author, use the title of the work (in italics) instead, e.g. In-text references use the authors’ surnames only and do not include initials.
For example, if you were reading an article by Pavlovski published in 2017 and on page 33 of Pavlovski‘s article it included a quote from one of William Shakespeare’s famous plays, and you wanted to quote that quote by Shakespeare, then the in-text reference would be: (Shakespeare, cited in Pavlovski 2017, p. If you wish to quote a quote from within a source, then the in-text reference begins with the author(s) of the quote, then a comma, then the phrase ‘cited in’, then the author(s), year and page number (if applicable) of the source you are using. New text after that quote should commence on a new line and not be indented. When you quote two or more sentences, do not enclose them in double quotation marks - instead, place them on a new line, indent the entire quote and finish with the in-text reference. When you quote a single sentence, enclose it in double quotation marks: " ". If you use the author's name in your sentence because they are well-known, then place the year of publication and page number in brackets after the name, e.g. . You must include the page number(s) if you are paraphrasing the reference or quoting it, e.g.
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